| sort | Dates | Philosopher | Concepts |
| a | 551 - 479 B.C. | Confucius | Loving others via using the Golden Rule: - What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others.? |
| b | 469 - 399 B.C. | Socrates | philosophy should achieve practical results for the greater well-being of society. He emphasized the idea that the more a person knows, the greater his or her ability to reason and make choices that will bring true happiness. |
| c | 428 - 348 B.C. | Plato | justice, beauty, and equality, and contained discussions in aesthetics, politics, language, and cosmology - the science of the origin and development of the universe. |
| d | 384 - 322 B.C. | Aristotle | the Aristotelian syllogistic, a belief that logical argument applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions assumed to be true. |
| e | 1265 - 1321 | Dante | heretical works of rhetoric surrounding moral philosophy and political thought. |
| e | 1623 - 1662 | Pascal | Jansenist over Jesuit theologies. The experience of God through the heart rather than through reason, contrary to the beliefs of French philosopher Ren� Descartes. |
| e | 1632 - 1704 | John Locke | acquire ideas through our experience of the world |
| e | 1694 - 1778 | Voltaire | Freedom of religion, speech, and the right to a fair trial. |
| e | 1724 - 1804 | Immanuel Kant | we can only have knowledge of things that are possible to experience. Further, he believes that we can know the natural, observable world, but we cannot have answers to many of the deepest questions of metaphysics. |
| e | 1759 - 1797 | Mary Wollstonecraft | women deserve the same fundamental rights as men and should have an education commensurate with their position in society. |
| e | 1905 - 1982 | Ayn Rand | Objectivity via individualism, the constitutional protection of individual rights to life, liberty, and property, and limited government. |
| e | 1908 - 1986 | Simone de Beauvoir | embrace our freedom to make choices. Existence precedes essence, meaning humans have no predetermined purpose and are absolutely free to define themselves through action. However, she emphasized that this freedom brings responsibility and that true freedom requires willing the freedom of others. |
| e | 1844-1900 | Friedrich Nietzsche | the "Death of God" (decline of absolute moral authority), the Will to Power (fundamental drive for strength/creativity), the �mensch (self-creating human), |